“The commandment against stealing [You shall not steal. Exodus 20:15] does not serve to protect private property; important possessions belong to the entire community / family. Some have called this a primitive democracy or primitive socialism; both terms are naive generalizations with respect to pastoral society and economics. But it is important to realize that there was no notion of the inviolability of property owned by individuals; this is a later Western notion…
Property and land were given to be used for the glory of Yahweh and the good of all. The command not to steal spoke against those who sought to appropriate communal possessions for their own private use. Such hoarding could result in the lowering the quality of life or even in death for others in the community. Persons had right of access to those things upon which their life depended…Thus, the command may have slowed the growth of individual ownership rather than protected it.
The command may have meant, “Do not take community property for your own individual ownership.” How ironic that modern society uses the commandment to defend the opposite course of action! The purpose of the command was to curb those who steal from society at large by amassing great wealth, for such theft will ultimately break down that society. This explains the ire of the prophets who inveighed against the wealthy classes of Samaria and Jerusalem.”
Robert Gnuse, You Shall Not Steal: Community and Property in the Biblical Tradition (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2011), p. 6-7.
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